Damijana Keri, Wrote the paper: LB NP. Most Italian universities, for example, have only general requirements on the character size and the page formatting, and leave much freedom for the actual typographic details.[9]. Increasingly, high schools are requiring students to complete a senior project or senior thesis on a chosen topic during the final year as a prerequisite for graduation. The goal of this research was to analyse which factors influenced students perceived academic performance after switching their academic activities over to the online mode, as imposed by the lockdown in response to COVID-19 in 2020. The goal of shifting teaching and learning over to online platforms is to minimize in-person interactions to reduce the risk of acquiring COVID-19 through physical contact. Moreover, in Fig 2, we show the path coefficients calculated for each hypothesis. Chinaza Uleanya, e0141363. PLoS ONE 16(10): Yes The last class was composed of children who lived in individually-wealthy environments, but who also lived in unsafe neighborhoods and attended diverse schools where more than 50% of pupils were eligible for free school meals (13%; Class 2: Individually Wealthy, Contextually Disadvantaged; see Table A in S1 File). In general, those three terms are usually called as tugas akhir (final assignment), which is mostly mandatory for the completion of a degree. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Square Root Mean Residual (SRMR) were used as goodness of fit indices. Online Instruction focuses on teachers active role and attitude to online teaching. This may help generate evidence for policymakers to invest in developing online education infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries. In 2006, a citation importing feature was implemented supporting bibliography managers, such as RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote, and BibTeX. Yes [12] Correspondingly to the academic degree, the last phase of an academic thesis is called in Spanish a defensa de grado, defensa magistral or defensa doctoral in cases in which the university candidate is finalizing their licentiate, master's, or PhD program, respectively. The students were informed about the details of the study and gave their informed consent before participating. Information Quality measures teachers responsiveness to the students, such as timely feedback or answering questions in an e-learning environment [34, 37]. in medical and health or technical sciences education, especially when viewed in the long run [8587]. Nevertheless, HEIs have continued to offer education by using various digital media, e-learning platforms and video conferencing systems. Latina girls, but not Black girls, report higher internalizing behavior than White boys, whereas Black girls, but not Latina girls, report higher self-concept than White boys. [17] Via the "metrics" button, it reveals the top journals in a field of interest, and the articles generating these journal's impact can also be accessed. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents. The role of the thesis supervisor is to assist and support a student in their studies, and to determine whether a thesis is ready for examination. In North America, the thesis defense or oral defense is the final examination for doctoral candidates, and sometimes for master's candidates. Business Source Eliteincludes 4,382 active indexed and abstracted journals. In most universities, this applies to all bachelor, master, and doctorate degrees. The result of the examination may be given immediately following deliberation by the examination committee (in which case the candidate may immediately be considered to have received their degree), or at a later date, in which case the examiners may prepare a defense report that is forwarded to a Board or Committee of Postgraduate Studies, which then officially recommends the candidate for the degree. EBSCO believes in breaking down barriers to information through Enhanced Subject Precision (ESP) mapping, bridging the gap between content and end users through inclusion of naturallanguages. Yet, students expertise in computer use and different learning platforms deeply influences their participation in e-learning [34]. income, education, occupation, wealth, neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics, or past socioeconomic circumstances) is also well established, as is the non-equivalence of measures between racial/ethnic groups [27]. Honours and Master's theses sometimes require an oral defense before they are accepted. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258807, Editor: Dejan Dragan, Univerza v Mariboru, SLOVENIA, Received: July 21, 2021; Accepted: October 5, 2021; Published: October 20, 2021. The overall mean explained variance was 42%. We wish to thank all the numerous international partners with data collection: Yusuf Alpayadin; Sorin Gabriel Anton; Roberto Burro; Silvia Cantele; zkan Cikrikci; Michela Cortini; Manuel Gradim de Oliveira Gericota; Iusein Ervin; Stefania Fantinelli; Paulo Ferrinho; Sandeep Grover; Aleksandar Keeljevi; Poliana Leru; Piotr Major; Joo Matias; Marek Milosz; Andronic Octavian; Izabela Ostoj; Justyna Podgrska-Bednarz; Vijayalakshmi Reddy; Maya Roche; Ana Sofia Rodrigues; Piotr Rzymski; Oana Sndulescu; Rinku Sanjeev; Ganesh Kamath Sevagur; Parag Suresh Amin; Rajanikanta Swain. ASEO has negatives. Yes Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses.The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature".Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many Moreover, access to resources as well as socialization experiences and expectations differ considerably by race and gender within the same level of socio-economic status. [57]), we propose a model for explaining students perceived academic performance. Writing review & editing, Affiliation Performed the experiments: LB. Stereotype threat posits that awareness of a social stereotype that reflects negatively on one's social group can negatively affect the performance of group members [35]. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. Here, we document that the taxonomic classification Although e-learning offers some educational continuity when it comes to academic learning, technical education has suffered doubly since the social distancing requirements have disrupted the implementation of both practical and work-based learning activities, which are critical for educational success [18]. [20] The most relevant results for the searched keywords will be listed first, in order of the author's ranking, the number of references that are linked to it and their relevance to other scholarly literature, and the ranking of the publication that the journal appears in. The fit was deemed appropriate for CFI and TLI above .90, and for RMSEA and SRMR values below .06 and .08, respectively (e.g. Invariance analysis was performed [72] by comparing the difference in the fit of a series of sequentially constrained models from configural (Conf), intercepts (Intercpy), loadings (Load), means (Means), to regression coefficients (Regr). Thesis word lengths may differ by faculty/department and are set by individual universities. The proposed models structural part includes three constructs: E-learning Quality, Perceived Student Satisfaction and Perceived Student Performance. In the first step, we checked the fit of the measurement model to all the latent variables; in the second step, we checked the fit of the structural model. R1: Which factors have contributed to students greater satisfaction with the e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic? This leads to three hypotheses being proposed: Therefore, we propose the conceptual model presented in Fig 1. and construct description in Table 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258807.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258807.t001. We assessed the reliability of the first-order and second-order factors with McDonalds omega () and L2, respectively, and convergent validity with Average Variance Extracted (AVE) using the semTools package (v.0.5.3, [73]). Operative Neurosurgery is proud to offer audio abstracts in 11 different languages, translated and read by native speakers. Nine constructs, measuring characteristics at the individual-, school-, and neighborhood-level, were captured using 42 dichotomous variables measured across the different waves of the ECLS-K. Individual-level variables captured household composition, material disadvantage, and parental expectations of the childrens success. Bibliometric evidence suggests Google Scholar's coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases; as of 2017, Scholar's coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and Scholar's utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous. In Italy there are normally three types of thesis. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. As a new university, our research is still relatively small compared to older universities, so we have to make sure every publication counts. Human participants were not directly involved in the research reported in this article; therefore, no institutional review board approval was sought. Writing original draft, It focused on socio-demographic, geographic and other aspects pertaining to the life of university students, such as academic online work and life, social life, emotional life, personal circumstances, changes in habits, the roles and measures of institutions, as well as personal reflections on COVID-19 [64]. or M.Des also involves submission of dissertation. The construct Online Interactions describes how often a student communicates with colleagues from the course, the teachers or the administrative staff. In addition to inequalities in academic achievement, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities also exist across measures of socio-emotional development [2326]. The typical format will see the candidate giving a short (2040-minute) presentation of their research, followed by one to two hours of questions. Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, mainly tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have obtained a university degree (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities). With the exception of educational assessments, gender and racial/ethnic inequalities within classes are either not very pronounced or in the opposite direction (e.g. The construct is explained by Information Quality and two other aspects assessed in our questionnaire, namely preparing regular assignments and being open to students suggestions [34, 41, 61]. MSc, BA, BSc, BMus, BEd, BEng etc.). M. Rogers, M. Sims, J. Bird and S. Elliott (2020) Organisational narratives vs the lived neoliberal reality. We implemented the SEM with use of the lavaan package (v.0.6.4, [69]) in the R statistical environment (v.4.0.2, [70]). Further complexity in understanding how academic and non-academic outcomes are patterned by socioeconomic factors, and how this contributes to racial/ethnic inequalities, is added by the multi-dimensional nature of socioeconomic status. In the Czech Republic, higher education is completed by passing all classes remaining to the educational compendium for given degree and defending a thesis. This goal is reflected in the Google Scholar's advertising slogan "Stand on the shoulders of giants", which was taken from an idea attributed to Bernard of Chartres, quoted by Isaac Newton, and is a nod to the scholars who have contributed to their fields over the centuries, providing the foundation for new intellectual achievements. The undergraduate theses are called uppsats ("essay"), sometimes examensarbete, especially at technical programmes. Silvana Guadalupe Navarro Jimnez, [34], yet consistent with the findings of Al-Fraihat et al. A thesis (PL: theses), or dissertation[note 1] (abbreviated diss. Writing review & editing, Affiliation Explanations offered for interactions between privileged and marginalized identities, and associated outcomes, include family and teacher socialization of gender performance (e.g. These results are aligned with previous studies (e.g. Malaysian universities often follow the British model for dissertations and degrees. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.. At most universities, dissertation is the term for the required submission for the doctorate, and thesis refers only to the master's degree requirement. Bertil Pires Marques, Children live within multiple contexts, with risk factors at the family, school, and neighborhood level contributing to their development and wellbeing. Analyzed the data: LB. Methodology, Like the British model, the PhD or MPhil student is required to submit their theses or dissertation for examination by two or three examiners. All the theses need to be "defended" by the author during a special examination for the given degree. The research findings may be of interest to higher education planners, teachers, support services and students all around the world. The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one buttressed it. [13] In 2011, Google removed Scholar from the toolbars on its search pages,[14] making it both less easily accessible and less discoverable for users not already aware of its existence. The Rigorosum is only common for doctoral degrees. Attitudinal outcomes have been proposed by some as one explanatory factor for racial/ethnic inequalities in academic achievement [12], but differences in educational attitudes and aspirations across groups do not fully reflect inequalities in academic assessment. Interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results, and authors are assigned to wrong papers, which leads to erroneous additional search results. Relatively few drug classes are used to treat hypertension, the newest of which are direct renin inhibitors. No, Is the Subject Area "Entropy" applicable to this article? Major papers presented as the final project for a master's degree are normally called thesis; and major papers presenting the student's research towards a doctoral degree are called theses or dissertations. Because of the nature of the graduate thesis or dissertation having to be more narrow and more novel, the result of original research, these usually have a smaller proportion of the work that is cited from other sources, though the fact that they are lengthier may mean they still have total citations. "[33], Google Scholar does not publish a list of journals crawled or publishers included, and the frequency of its updates is uncertain. Once validated and certified for inclusion, these OA journals are treated with high-quality subject indexing and sophisticated, precise/accuratefull-textlinking. These findings suggest that, should socioeconomic inequalities be addressed, and levels of advantage were similar across racial/ethnic and gender groups, systems of oppression that pattern the racialization and socialization of children into racial/ethnic and gender roles in society would still ensure that inequalities in academic outcomes existed across racial/ethnic and gender categories. Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Affiliation Individual risk factors seldom operate in isolation [83], and they are often strongly associated both within and across levels [84]. The contrasting outcomes between racial/ethnic and gender minorities in self-assessment and socioemotional outcomes, as compared to standardized assessments, provide support for the detrimental effect that intersecting racial/ethnic and gender discrimination have in patterning academic outcomes that predict success in adult life. Project administration, The terms thesis and dissertation are commonly used interchangeably in everyday language yet it is generally understood that a thesis refers to bachelor/undergraduate and master academic work while a dissertation is named for doctorate work. The analysis of invariance revealed configural invariance (CFI = .900, TLI = .900, RMSEA = .070, SRMR = .060) for the 10 countries. In some contexts, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Affiliation For Aristotle, a thesis would therefore be a supposition that is stated in contradiction with general opinion or express disagreement with other philosophers (104b33-35). No, Is the Subject Area "Sexual and gender issues" applicable to this article? Using data from the US Early Childhood Longitudinal StudyKindergarten (ECLS-K; N = 10,115), we No, Is the Subject Area "Children" applicable to this article? Investigation, In Slovakia, higher education is completed by defending a thesis, which is called bachelor's thesis "bakalrska prca" for bachelors programme, master's thesis or "diplomov prca" for master's degrees, and also doctor of medicine or dentistry degrees and dissertation "dizertan prca" for Philosophiae doctor (PhD.) 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