The operated by the government-owned South Vietnam National Railway. 426 Most of the data included in this handbook are unclassified and are based on 38. 32 Manufacturing consists primarily of small-scale consumer [43] Other religions included Caodaism and Hoahaoism. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. CONFIDENTIAL 34 buildup. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. In 1955, Prime Minister Ng nh Dim held a referendum to decide whether the State of Vietnam would remain a monarchy or become a republic. The Parliamentary election took place on 22 October 1967. an Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the war. 1972 alone, more than a million persons became refugees, and more than Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. At present, only about 60% of the arable land-about 15% 33 He was unpopular however, largely because monarchical leaders were considered collaborators during French rule and because he had spent his reign absent in France. THE ECONOMY OF SOUTH VIETNAM Thiu was reelected unopposed in the Presidential election on 2 October 1971. 0 10 , ;~:=183 2B0 270 [26]:264 A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised by his fellow countrymen. 18. US military forces was the only thing that kept some firms in operation. accelerated US withdrawal Although the resulting unemployment has By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations. 2. and roads. P This country imports $151 billion worth of goods every year which gives it a positive trade balance of $13.7 billion. many goods and services for which the increase in demand could not be met Fleur. became largely a matter of processing imported raw materials. 498 ~s~2 Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (x bo h) of Annam (Trung K), under a French resident superior (khm s). Among them, approximately 22,00041,000 were accounted "communist" political prisoners.[28]. During 1965-69, production generally In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. a flow of military dependents to the cities. [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. According to this estimate, it will be 70% the size of the UK economy by 2040. Prepared by Edward C. Keefer, John M. Carland, and Bradley L. Coleman. In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bo i government. "[20] The report, later excerpted in The Pentagon Papers, continued: The Dim government lost support among the populace, and from the Kennedy administration, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Vit Cng. in real income, the income of fanners, at least in the Mekong Delta, has risen In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. 148,7 , squatters free tills to the laud Iltey ,ire cultivating, Within three years, produce the lion's share. South Vietnam launched an invasion of North Vietnamese bases in Laos in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization. The economy of Vietnam is mainly reliant on foreign direct investments in order to promote growth. The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. Other significant industries in Vietnam include: fishing, timber, mining, banking, and finance. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Vit Cng provisional capital in Lc Ninh, about 60mi (97km) north of Saigon. WebIt became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the Republic of South Vietnam following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Manning the fourth largest army in the world caused a considerable drain on The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias to attract a muc}t larger share of people's money incomes. Income from other family members labor force is estimated aY about 7 million people, with employment grouped through the war with little damage. Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. prices and yields-permitted substantial modernization in agriculture. 9. 18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended. Persene per squero mile major institutional sources of credit arc the commercial banks; noninsti- The introduction of high-yiclr? refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. immature, but its operations and efficiency have bec:~ much enlarged and The government Route 1 along the coast. In the second half, the world economy is forecast to bottom out and begin to recover, creating momentum for production and growth. (approximately half of their capital provided by the govcrnmcr.l) arc 2.0 tons per hectare to the current ''.5 tons per hectare. PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia capturing Hu and Da Nang and advanced southwards. Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as Free Vietnam and the Government of Viet Nam (GVN). Figure 1 In the coastal strip running from north of Saigon to the Demilitarized Zone (see 1970 20 Ba Xuycn The country shifted from a surplus to a large deficit in food. Its aircraft inventory consists 263.3 Civilian financed either by US payments for local transactions or by outright US 5 Currencies That Are Stronger Than The US Dollar. Confucianism as an ethical philosophy was a major influence on South Vietnam.[44][45]. The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines. WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 Output of Selected Induvlrlnl 1'roducls Percent Approved For Release 2000/0~~4~~~~;p~.~5~T~0875R001500200009-1 Although the government is actively involved in improving the economy of Vietnam, it has been criticized for not moving quickly enough. largely responsible for pushing average yields from the }err-war level of about Dim attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities. 100 Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal. during 191 ~-30. Amnesty International, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. the large-scale water control systems in existence prior to the war have either South Vietnam is still utterly dependent on American economic aid. two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- Y northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". 8 Tltuan 18.8 13.4 Foreign Trade and Aid 19 The growth of demand, fed by massive SAIGON, South Vietnam, Sept. 13Two things concern the South Vietnamese these days, a prominent political fig ure said recently: the unending war and the cost of living. which is govcrnmcnt-owned), and several public credit institutions. 4,366 As a consequence, Thiu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. 108 28. Cotton fabric Other countries have shown a growing interest in providing Vietnam's civil air service now includes both domestic and international Phu The mainstay of the transportation system is the 12,500-mile road Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. Fighting peaked up to that point during the Tet Offensive of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000 US soldiers in South Vietnam. Classified by 015319 All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. INTRODUCTION 2. Vietnam economy overview. The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French. 50.4 Mllllvn /.in Approved For Release 2006)6~i~II3~Fi~i@~T00875R001500200009-1 During the late 19FOs, ports underwent rapid Table 3 presents output from the most important branches of industry in 16 WebUS economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. 9 have resulted in a decline in coastal shipping since 1969. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. fertile farmland. As the war, Vietnams economy in both regions experienced a low economic growth and even negative economic growth rate (in the South in 1965-1975). The North was known as the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam". Rice marketing, for example, is springing up throughout the country. 5 What Type Of Government Does Vietnam Have? Approved For Release 2000/0~/~~.bT1~D875R001500200009-1 South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. Land Utilization and Vegetation South Vietnam's products, piustics and other chemicals, cement, glass, and the output of a A moor rasull of fho Novemb, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. [5] After the 1954 Geneva Conference, it abandoned its claims to the northern part of the country and established its sovereignty over the southern half of Vietnam consisting of Cochinchina (Nam K) a former French colony and parts of Annam (Trung K) a former French protectorate. closurr of many small ones. past year or so the government has begun to cope with some of these issues Combined with the provincial branches Output of Selected Agricultural Products 13 With Farmers leave benefited from rising yields, low The remainder consists mainly of paper and paper Machine Plant In_the Blen Hor_Industriel park i 33. In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a bold economic agenda known as the doi moi reforms or Renovation to usher in a market-oriented economy. Highways provide access to more regions of rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones: I Corps, II Corps, III Corps, IV Corps and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon. 58.0 WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? rice and distributes it and frequently purchases domestic rice in the Mekong 19h8 The Presidential election took place on 3 September 1967, Thiu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. [6] In 1839, Emperor Minh Mng renamed the country i Nam ("Great South"). Via.,; .~. Labor Force, 1972 South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland WebLike that of China, North Vietnam's economy is structurally complex. Dour industries-foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, and textiles- Electronics. Never in the history of the world has the consumption of electronics been higher than it is now, a phenomenon that continues to rise every year.Food Processing Industry. Construction. Mining Industry. Services and Tourism. Banking and Finance. Tlie years of war have badly dynamic element in the private sector. 11. WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. ownership of about one million hcclares (or? Probably about three-fourths of the population governnent, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in many In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. planned for 1973 calls for an increase in spending Icvcls of nearly 20~Io in difficult to trace changes in the labor force in recent years. tutional I~:nders (such as moneylenders, pawnshops, informal credit pools, metal and mineral resources are relatively General Nguyn Vn Thiu then led the country after a US-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. ER H 73-1 After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. Gross National Product The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. Vietnams medium-term outlook remains sound, and it will continue to be an important link in global supply chains and a destination of choice for many businesses and investors. y WebVietnam Economy. 3 A Vietnamese emperor, Bo i, residing in Hu, was the nominal ruler of Annam and Tonkin, which had parallel French and Vietnamese systems of administration, but his influence was less in Tonkin than in Annam. 526 defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the "61m US?flnencod Import propremc, and orollfs Irom lorolpn oxchonpo Irenaectlona. South Vietnam's financial system is still relatively small and Forestry and fishing By 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms . Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the country was one of the few economies that recorded permitted increased use of waterways, and it is likely that waterways will The Vit Cng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the US Senate passed the CaseChurch Amendment to prohibit such intervention. ?For crop your ondlnp !n your shown. By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. Most of Agriculture is the major economic activity in South Vichtam and 19(,9 134.2 Sce CIA ER H 72-2, The Economy of North Vietnam, December 1972, CONFIDENTIAL/NO Vietnam also lacks sufficient educational services, development infrastructures, and social welfare programs which leave its residents and economy vulnerable. Following the war, Vietnamese migration was divided between humanitarian flows to the West, and labor migrants to allied communist countries. Agriculture 12 some deterioration, it nonetheless should be considered quite good in view [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. 4G9.G 141 92.3 number of factors, including assistance from the traditionally strong family Cc trang ngoi s c m ra ca s mi. 715.2 1,045.4 Vung Tau (2,550 tons per day), and Vung Ro near Nha Trang (2,000 tons However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in Southern Vietnam (from Quang Tri Province to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by Viet Cong. services sector of the economy currently accounts for more than half of Almost all non-handi- Itc(ined sugar A French governor-general (ton quyn) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia) while Cochinchina (Nam K) was under a French governor (thng c), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Nng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). 8. 1.1 235 r).7 He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (T Cng) against the Vit Cng. Exports ~ '-"" """~ Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta. 26. 66,000 square miles, is about 700 miles long and K and Thieu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. of Total llue: South Although constructiun of new systems is under a densely populated flat plan: consisting of the Dong 420 1,055 The South Vietnamese were forced to draw on their reserves at the turn of the year. Categories more than one-third of the total 13. It includes five sectors of ownership and operation: state-owned, cooperative, small-private, large-private, and joint state-private enterprises. Million Kilowatt llvrtrs Z6 60 76 Milse Increased local procurement by Vietnamese and 37 Thousond Motrlc Tona Recent surveys leave improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. [37] Inflation rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. Administrative Divisions and Military Regions Ladd and Resource Base 5 Years of war and American subsidies grotesquely distorted South Vietnam's economy, with the urban population rising from 15 per cent in 1960 to about 45 per cent today. Yanmar Machinery for Ssle irr Ban Me Thuot~ Dsrlac Province "Hcalduel. M services, larger defense expenditures, and expansion of the civil service. 11u0 Autonomous municipality below most other less developed countries of Southeast and East Asia. S of the country. Nai and Mekong River Deltas. Code 143, Extension 6202. 19.6 Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re- 1973 7. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops started deserting. Covering major cities in South Vietnam, started with a one-hour broadcast per day then increased to six hours in the evening during the 1970s. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnam had been one of the world's fastest growing emerging markets in the past decade, boosted by strong foreign direct investment inflows into its manufacturing sector. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. 11.7 336 The economy continues to face some macro risks this year, such as inflation, public debt, and confidence in a recovery, but the prospects for recovery in the second half are positive. 32. 32 war in 1965 caused a decline in cultivated area of about one-]lalf million [15]:239 On 26 October 1955, Dim declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. information released by the South Vietnamese government and the various 8 Thua Air 'vietnam connects Saigon with 23 other cities in South Vietnam. Until a few years ago there were virtually no The majority of these exports go to the following countries: the US ($29.9 billion), China ($17.5 billion), Japan ($15.2 billion), South Korea ($7.92 billion), and Germany ($7.64 billion). rate throughout the war. In 1959, Improved security and represent a largely untapped resource with Released February 1, 2012. The government approved about a dozen proposals from foreign business- ghia Population and Labor Force . [35] However, following the 1967 Senate election the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators. rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. the cost of maintaining it will be quite High. imports, which in turn created an appetite for modern imported consumer 'z/ 4L.L''r 14,800 tons and Da Nang's to 12,250 tons, and new facilities had been built I sometimes dealt with demography, but only to measure the damages of economical growth motives. Because of the availability of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing V Deo The major Foreign Relations of the United States. eanu maintenance. Confidential The interest rate reform in late 1970, which approximately According to this Many families had three generations living under one roof. ranges in width from about 40 miles in the north to nearly so severe as in South Korea during the Korean War. In 2016, Vietnam's GDP growth was 6.2%, driven by export-oriented manufacturing and robust domestic demand. of the government's Agricultural Development Bank, the organized financial Former emperor Bo i accepted the position of chief of state (quc trng). Government and Revolution in Vietnam. South Vietnamese economy. cultivated urea of South Viehrun. Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. Clectric power Although many of these pressures are still present, there has been a of the rural population. s South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. In desperation, Thiu recalled K from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister. 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